Analysis of Liquid Hydrogen Bunkering and Storage on Cruise Ships
Pakarinen, Anna (2024)
2024
Julkaisu on tekijänoikeussäännösten alainen. Teosta voi lukea ja tulostaa henkilökohtaista käyttöä varten. Käyttö kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin on kielletty.
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2024062758973
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2024062758973
Tiivistelmä
As the maritime industry faces increasing demands to lower its emissions, the role of alternative fuels and energy systems has become crucial in the transition towards more sustainable ship operations. Hydrogen is regarded as a potential fuel for ships, since it does not cause carbon dioxide emissions at use and it can be produced through electrolysis of water with electricity from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, hydrogen can be utilized in both fuel cells and combustion engines to power a ship, either on its own or, more likely, as part of a hybrid system together with other fuels and energy systems.
Currently, there are a few examples of hydrogen-powered ferries in operation, however, there are many challenges in large-scale maritime applications of hydrogen. This thesis aims to address some of these challenges and discuss various aspects of bunkering and storing liquid hydrogen (LH2) on cruise ships. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted on the properties of LH2, its compatibility as a marine fuel and considerations on bunkering and storage. Furthermore, a case study on implementing LH2 as a fuel on a reference cruise ship was performed from the perspective of bunkering and storage, which was then compared with a similar system utilizing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
The goal of the case study was to analyse LH2 behaviour in cryogenic tanks and pipelines, and compare the results with LNG for perspective, since it is an established marine fuel and there is more information available on using LNG in maritime applications. A tank concept for LH2 was modelled based on a reference LNG system and literature findings for simulating fluid behaviour under different conditions. Furthermore, the simulation results were also compared with findings from the literature. Although the results of the case study seem to generally agree with literature results, it is also concluded that there are deviations between the modelled results and real fluid behaviour. Therefore, a more complex model would be necessary for more accurate results.
Currently, there are a few examples of hydrogen-powered ferries in operation, however, there are many challenges in large-scale maritime applications of hydrogen. This thesis aims to address some of these challenges and discuss various aspects of bunkering and storing liquid hydrogen (LH2) on cruise ships. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted on the properties of LH2, its compatibility as a marine fuel and considerations on bunkering and storage. Furthermore, a case study on implementing LH2 as a fuel on a reference cruise ship was performed from the perspective of bunkering and storage, which was then compared with a similar system utilizing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
The goal of the case study was to analyse LH2 behaviour in cryogenic tanks and pipelines, and compare the results with LNG for perspective, since it is an established marine fuel and there is more information available on using LNG in maritime applications. A tank concept for LH2 was modelled based on a reference LNG system and literature findings for simulating fluid behaviour under different conditions. Furthermore, the simulation results were also compared with findings from the literature. Although the results of the case study seem to generally agree with literature results, it is also concluded that there are deviations between the modelled results and real fluid behaviour. Therefore, a more complex model would be necessary for more accurate results.